【健康】到底什么是过敏？过敏的治疗方案是什么？| 南加州知名家庭科钟国权医生

ALLERGIES 过敏 

Allergies occur when your immune system mistakenly triggers an allergic reaction to an allergen. Allergic reaction symptoms include congestion, watery eyes, a runny nose, vomiting and, in severe cases, anaphylaxis. Allergies can be incredibly frustrating if you don't know what's triggering your immune system.Dec 21, 2022 

当您的免疫系统错误地触发对过敏原的过敏反应时，就会发生 过敏。过敏反应症状包括充血、流泪、流鼻涕、呕吐，严重时还会 出现过敏反应。如果您不知道是什麽触发了您的免疫系统，过敏 可能会令人难以置信地沮丧。 

Rhinovirus is the most common cause, accounting for 10 to 40 percent of colds. Other common cold viruses include coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A cold may last for about one week, but some colds last longer, especially in children, the elderly and those in poor health.More than 200 viruses can cause a cold, but rhinoviruses are the most common type. Viruses that cause colds can spread from person to person through the air and close personal contact. 

鼻病毒是最常见的原因，占感冒的 10% 到 40%。 其他普通感冒病毒包 括冠状病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒 (RSV) 。一次感冒可能会持续一周左右， 但有些感冒会持续更长时间，尤其是儿童、老人和身体不好的人。200 多种病毒可引起感冒，但鼻病毒是最常见的一种。引起感冒的病毒 可以通过空气和密切的个人接触在人与人之间传播。

There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D. Influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease in people (known as flu season) almost every winter in the United States. Influenza A viruses are the only influenza viruses known to cause flu pandemics (i.e., global epidemics of flu disease).

过敏概述 

过敏是世界上最常见的慢性病之一。过敏症状的范围从让你痛苦到让你面临危及生命 的反应风险。根据领先的过敏症专家的说法，过敏反应始於免疫系统。我们的免疫系统 保护我们免受可能导致疾病的入侵生物体的侵害。如果您过敏，您的免疫系统会将原 本无害的物质误认为是入侵者。这种物质称为过敏原。免疫系统通过产生免疫球蛋白 E (IgE) 抗体对过敏原反应过度。这些抗体进入释放组胺和其他化学物质的细胞，引起过 敏反应。

Allergy Symptoms 

An allergic reaction typically triggers symptoms in the nose, lungs, throat, sinuses, ears, lining  of the stomach or on the skin. For some people, allergies can also trigger symptoms of  asthma. In the most serious cases, a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis  (an-a-fi-LAK-sis) can occur. 

A number of different allergens are responsible for allergic reactions. The most common  include: Pollen // Dust // Food // Insect Stings // Animal dander // Mold //  Medications/Drugs // Latex // Hay Fever // Eye, Ocular // Skin // Anaphylaxis.

过敏症状 

过敏反应通常会在鼻子、肺部、喉咙、鼻窦、耳朵、胃壁或皮肤上引发症状。对於某些 人来说，过敏也会引发哮喘症状。在最严重的情况下，可能会发生称为过敏反应 (an-a-fi-LAK-sis) 的危及生命的反应。 

许多不同的过敏原会导致过敏反应。最常见的包括： 花粉 // 灰尘 // 食物 // 昆虫叮咬 // 动物皮屑 // 霉菌 // 药物/药物 // 乳胶 //花粉热 // 眼睛、眼部 // 皮肤 // 过敏反应。

Allergy Diagnosis If you or your child have allergy symptoms, an allergist / immunologist, often referred to as an allergist, can help with a diagnosis. An allergist  has advanced training and experience to properly diagnose your condition and  prescribe an allergy treatment and management plan to help you feel better and live  better. 

过敏诊断 如果您或您的孩子有过敏症状， 过敏症专家/免疫学家（通常称为过敏症专家） 可以帮助进行诊断。过敏症专科医生拥有先进的培训和经验，可以正确诊断您的病情并制 定过敏治疗和管理计划，帮助您感觉更好，生活得更好。

1) Anaphylaxis (an-a-fi-LAK-sis) is a serious, life-threatening allergic reaction. The most  common anaphylactic reactions are to foods, insect stings, medications and latex. 

If you are allergic to a substance, your immune system overreacts to this allergen by  releasing chemicals that cause allergy symptoms. Typically, these bothersome symptoms  occur in one location of the body. However, some people are susceptible to a much more  serious anaphylactic reaction. This reaction typically affects more than one part of the  body at the same time. 

Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical treatment, including a prompt injection of  epinephrine and a trip to a hospital emergency room. If it isn’t treated properly,  anaphylaxis can be fatal.

1)过敏反应 (an-a-fi-LAK-sis) 是一种严重的、危及生命的过敏反应。最常见的过敏 反应是对食物、 昆虫叮咬、 药物和乳胶。 

如果您对某种物质过敏，您的免疫系统会释放导致过敏症状的化学物质，从而对这 种过敏原反应过度。通常，这些令人烦恼的症状发生在身体的一个部位。然而，有 些人容易发生更严重的过敏反应。这种反应通常会同时影响身体的多个部位。 

过敏反应需要立即就医，包括及时注射肾上腺素和前往医院急诊室。如果治疗不当 ，过敏反应可能是致命的。

2)Adverse reactions to medications are common, yet everyone responds differently. One person  may develop a rash or other reactions when taking a certain medication, while another person on the  same drug may have no adverse reaction at all. Only about 5% to 10% of these reactions are due to  an allergy to the medication. An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to a  harmless substance, in this case a medication, which triggers an allergic reaction. Sensitivities to  drugs may produce similar symptoms, but do not involve the immune system. Certain medications are  more likely to produce allergic reactions than others. The most common are: 

• Antibiotics, such as penicillin 

• Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen • Anticonvulsants 

• Monoclonal antibody therapy 

• Chemotherapy

2)药物不良反应很常见，但每个人的反应不同。一个人服用某种药物可 能会出现皮疹或其他反应，而另一个人服用同一种药物可能根本没有 任何不良反应。这些反应中只有大约 5% 到 10% 是由於对药物过敏。 当免疫系统对一种无害物质反应过度时，就会发生过敏反应， 在这种情 况下是一种药物，会引发过敏反应。对药物的敏感性可能会产生类似的 症状，但不涉及免疫系统。某些药物比其他药物更容易产生过敏反应。 最常见的是： 

• 抗生素，如青霉素 

• 阿司匹林和非甾体抗炎药，如布洛芬 

• 抗惊厥药 

• 单克隆抗体疗法 

• 化疗

3) Also called allergic conjunctivitis or ocular allergy, eye allergy occurs when something you are  allergic to irritates the conjunctiva. This is the delicate membrane covering the eye and the inside of  the eyelid. Like all allergies, allergic conjunctivitis starts when the immune system identifies an  otherwise harmless substance as an allergen. This causes your immune system to overreact and  produce antibodies called Immunoglobulin (IgE). These antibodies travel to cells that release  chemicals which cause an allergic reaction. In this case, allergic reactions include eyes that water,  itch, hurt or become red or swollen. The most common causes of allergic conjunctivitis are seasonal  allergens such as pollen and mold spores. People with seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) normally  notice their symptoms worsen when they go outdoors on days with high pollen counts. Indoor  allergens such as dust mites and pet dander can also cause eye allergies year-round. If you suffer  from this type of allergy, you may notice your symptoms worsen during certain activities such as  cleaning your house or grooming a pet.

3) 称为过敏性结膜炎或眼部过敏，当您对过敏的东西刺激结膜时， 就会发生眼睛过敏。这是覆盖眼睛和眼睑内部的脆弱膜。与所有过 敏症一样，过敏性结膜炎是在免疫系统将一种原本无害的物质识别 为过敏原时开始的。这会导致您的免疫系统反应过度并产生称为免疫 球蛋白 (IgE)的抗体。这些抗体传播到释放化学物质的细胞，从而引 起过敏反应。在这种情况下，过敏反应包括眼睛流水、发痒、受伤或 变红或肿胀。过敏性结膜炎最常见的原因是季节性过敏原，例如花 粉和霉菌孢子。患有季节性过敏性鼻炎（花粉症）的人通常会注意到 ，当他们在花粉数量高的日子外出时，他们的症状会恶化。室内过敏 原，如尘蟎和宠物皮屑， 也可能全年引起眼睛过敏。如果您患有这 种类型的过敏症，您可能会注意到在某些活动中您的症状会恶化， 例如打扫房间或给宠物梳理毛发。

4) If you have a food allergy, your immune system overreacts to a particular protein found in that food.  Symptoms can occur when coming in contact with just a tiny amount of the food. Many food allergies are first  diagnosed in young children, though they may also appear in older children and adults.  Nine foods are responsible for the majority of allergic reactions: 

• Cow’s milk 

• Eggs 

• Fish 

• Peanuts 

• Sesame 

• Shellfish 

• Soy 

• Tree nuts 

• Wheat

4) 如果您对食物过敏，您的免疫系统会对食物中的特定蛋白质反应过度。仅 接触少量食物就会出现症状。许多食物过敏最初是在年幼的儿童中被诊断出来 的，尽管它们也可能出现在年龄较大的儿童和成人中。九种食物是造成大多数 过敏反应的原因： 

• 牛奶 

• 蛋 

• 鱼 

• 花生 

• 芝麻 

• 贝类 

•大豆 

• 木本坚果 

• 小麦

5) Allergic Rhinitis 

If you have allergic rhinitis, your immune system mistakenly identifies a typically harmless substance as  an intruder. This substance is called an allergen. The immune system responds to the allergen by  releasing histamine and chemical mediators that typically cause symptoms in the nose, throat, eyes, ears,  skin and roof of the mouth. Seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever) is most often caused by pollen carried in  the air during different times of the year in different parts of the country. Allergic rhinitis can also be  triggered by common indoor allergens such as the dried skin flakes, urine and saliva found on pet dander,  mold, droppings from dust mites and cockroach particles. This is called perennial allergic rhinitis, as  symptoms typically occur year-round. In addition to allergen triggers, symptoms may also occur from  irritants such as smoke and strong odors, or to changes in the temperature and humidity of the air. This  happens because allergic rhinitis causes inflammation in the nasal lining, which increases sensitivity to  inhalants. Many people with allergic rhinitis are prone to allergic conjunctivitis (eye allergy). In addition,  allergic rhinitis can make symptoms of asthma worse for people who suffer from both conditions.

5) 过敏性鼻炎 

如果您患有过敏性鼻炎，您的免疫系统会错误地将一种通常无害 的物质识别为入侵者。这种物质称为过敏原。免疫系统通过释放组 胺和化学介质对过敏原做出反应，这些介质通常会在鼻子、喉咙、 眼睛、耳朵、皮肤和上颚引起症状。季节性过敏性鼻炎（花粉热）最 常由该国不同地区一年中不同时间空气中携带的花粉引起。 过敏性鼻 炎也可能由常见的室内过敏原引发，例如宠物皮屑、霉菌、尘蟎的粪便和蟑螂颗 粒上发现的干皮屑、尿液和唾液。这称为常年性过敏性鼻炎，因为 症状通常全年都会出现。除了过敏原触发因素，症状也可能来自 刺激物，如烟雾和强烈气味，或空气温度和湿度的变化。发生这种 情况是因为过敏性鼻炎会导致鼻腔内壁发炎，从而增加对吸入剂 的敏感性。许多患有过敏性鼻炎的人容易患过敏性结膜炎（眼睛 过敏）。此外，过敏性鼻炎会使患有这两种疾病的人的哮喘症状恶 化。

6) Latex is a milky sap produced by rubber trees. The sap is blended with chemicals during  manufacturing to give latex its elastic quality. Natural rubber latex is often found in rubber  gloves, condoms, balloons, rubber bands, erasers and toys. If you are allergic to latex your  body treats latex as an allergen and sets off an allergic reaction. Latex allergies are most  common in people who have regular exposure to latex products such as rubber gloves. That is  why this allergy is most common among healthcare workers and people who have undergone  multiple surgeries. Approximately 50% of people with latex allergy have a history of another  type of allergy. Certain fruits and vegetables, such as bananas, chestnuts, kiwi, avocado and  tomato can cause allergic symptoms in some latex-sensitive individuals. Allergic reactions to  latex range from mild to very severe. Every year, there are hundreds of cases of anaphylaxis, a  life-threatening allergic reaction, due to latex allergy. The severity of allergic reactions to latex  can worsen with reeated exosure to the substance.

6) 乳胶是橡胶树产生的乳状汁液。树液在制造过程中与化学物 质混合，使乳胶具有弹性。天然胶乳常见於橡胶手套、避孕套、气 球、橡皮筋、橡皮和玩具中。如果您对乳胶过敏，您的身体会将乳 胶视为过敏原并引发过敏反应。乳胶过敏最常见於经常接触橡胶 手套等乳胶产品的人群。这就是为什麽这种过敏在医护人员和接 受过多次手术的人中最常见的原因。大约 50% 的乳胶过敏者有 另一种过敏史。某些水果和蔬菜，如香蕉、栗子、奇异果、鳄梨和 番茄，可能会导致一些对乳胶敏感的人出现过敏症状。对乳胶的 过敏反应从轻微到非常严重。每年， 由於乳胶过敏，有数百例过 敏反应，这是一种危及生命的过敏反应。 反复接触该物质会加重 对乳胶过敏反应的严重程度。

7) Molds are tiny fungi whose spores float through the air. They like damp environments  

and need four things to grow: food, air, appropriate temperature and water. Molds can be found  outdoors, in homes and in other buildings. Everyone breathes in mold spores in the air, but  some people have an allergic reaction or asthma symptoms if exposed to too much of this  fungus. If you are allergic to mold, your immune system is overly-sensitive to specific mold  spores and treats them as an allergen. When you inhale the mold spores, your immune system triggers symptoms such as sneezing, itchy, watery eyes, runny nose, nasal congestion or itchy  nose, mouth and lips. There are hundreds of types of molds, but not all of them are responsible  for causing allergy symptoms. The most common allergy-causing molds include Alternaria,  Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium.

7) 霉菌是微小的真菌，其孢子漂浮在空气中。它们喜欢潮湿 的环境，生长需要四样东西：食物、空气、适宜的温度和水。霉 菌可以在室外、家中和其他建筑物中找到。每个人都会吸入空 气中的霉菌孢子，但如果接触过多这种真菌，有些人会出现过敏 反应或哮喘症状。 如果您对霉菌过敏，您的免疫系统就会对特 定的霉菌孢子过度敏感，并将它们视为过敏原。当您吸入霉菌 孢子时，您的免疫系统会引发打喷嚏、发痒、流泪、流鼻涕、鼻 塞或鼻子、嘴巴和嘴唇发痒等症状。有数百种霉菌，但并非所 有霉菌都会引起过敏症状。最常见的引起过敏的霉菌包括链格 孢属、曲霉属、枝孢属和青霉属。

8) Almost 62% of U.S. households have pets, and more than 161 million of these pets are cats and  dogs.* Unfortunately, millions of pet owners have an allergy (allergic rhinitis) to their animals.The  proteins found in a pet's dander, skin flakes, saliva and urine can cause an allergic reaction or  aggravate asthma symptoms in some people. Also, pet hair or fur can collect pollen, mold spores and  other outdoor allergens. An allergen is a normally harmless substance that triggers the immune system to overreact in people with allergies. This response can cause allergy symptoms such as  sniffling, sneezing and itchiness and watery eyes. Contrary to popular opinion, there are no truly  “hypoallergenic breeds” of dogs or cats. Allergic dander in cats and dogs is not affected by length of  hair or fur, nor by the amount of shedding. Giving up a pet in order to prevent allergy symptoms isn’t  always necessary. An allergist / immunologist has specialized training and experience to accurately  diagnose your symptoms and develop a treatment plan to help you or your child manage allergy  symptoms and potentially keep your furry friends.

8) 几乎 62% 的美国家庭养有宠物，其中超过 1.61 亿只宠物是猫和 狗。*不幸的是，数以百万计的宠物主人对他们的动物过敏（ 过敏性鼻 炎）。宠物皮屑、皮屑中发现的蛋白质、唾液和尿液会引起过敏反应或加 重某些人的哮喘症状。 此外，宠物的毛发或毛皮可以收集花粉、 霉菌孢 子和其他室外过敏原。过敏原是一种通常无害的物质，它会触发免疫系 统对过敏患者反应过度。这种反应会引起过敏症状，例如流鼻涕、打喷 嚏、发痒和流泪。与流行观点相反，没有真正的“低过敏性品种”狗或猫。 猫和狗的过敏性皮屑不受头发或皮毛长度的影响，也不受脱落量的影 响。放弃宠物以防止过敏症状并不总是必要的。过敏症专家/免疫学家 经过专门培训并拥有丰富经验，可以准确诊断您的症状并制定治疗计 划，帮助您或您的孩子控制过敏症状，并有可能留住您的毛茸茸的朋 友。

9) Irritated skin can be caused by a variety of factors. These include immune system disorders, medications and infections. When an allergen is responsible for triggering  an immune system response in the skin, then it is an allergic skin condition. 

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) 

Eczema is the most common skin condition, especially in children. It affects one in  five infants but only 10% of adults. One explanation for eczema is thought to be due  to “leakiness” of the skin barrier, which causes it to dry out and become prone to  irritation and inflammation by many environmental factors. Also, some young children  with eczema can flare with a particular food. In about half of patients with severe  atopic dermatitis, the disease is due to inheritance of a faulty gene in their skin called  filaggrin, although this is affected by your race and ethnicity. Unlike with urticaria  (hives), histamine is not the only cause of the itch of eczema so anti-histamines may  not control the symptoms. Eczema is often linked with asthma, allergic rhinitis (hay  fever) or food allergy. This order of progression is called the atopic march.

9) 受刺激的皮肤可能由多种因素引起。这些包括免疫系统紊乱、药物和感 染。当过敏原负责触发皮肤的免疫系统反应时，它就是过敏性皮肤病。 

特应性皮炎（湿疹） 

湿疹是最常见的皮肤病，尤其是儿童。它影响五分之一的婴儿，但仅影响 10% 的成年人。对湿疹的一种解释被认为是由於皮肤屏障的“渗漏”，导致 它变乾并容易受到许多环境因素的刺激和炎症。此外，一些患有湿疹的幼 儿会因特定食物而发作。在大约一半的重度特应性皮炎患者中，这种疾病 是由於他们的皮肤中遗传了一种称为聚丝蛋白的缺陷基因，尽管这会受到 您的种族和种族的影响。与荨麻疹（荨麻疹）不同，组胺不是湿疹瘙痒的唯 一原因，因此抗组胺药可能无法控制症状。湿疹通常与哮喘、 过敏性鼻炎 （花粉热）或食物过敏有关。这种进展顺序称为特应性进行曲。

Allergic Contact Dermatitis 

Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when your skin comes in direct contact with an allergen. For  instance, if you have a nickel allergy and your skin comes in contact with jewelry made with  even a very small amount of nickel, you may develop red, bumpy, scaly, itchy or swollen skin at  the point of contact. 

Coming in contact with poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac can also cause allergic contact  dermatitis. The red, itchy rash is caused by an oily coating covering these plants. The allergic  reaction can come from actually touching the plant, or by touching clothing, pets or even  gardening tools that have come in contact with the oil. 

Angioedema 

Angioedema is swelling without itching in the deep layers of the skin. It is often seen together  with urticaria (hives). Angioedema many times occurs in soft tissues such as the eyelids, mouth  or genitals. Angioedema is called "acute" if the condition lasts only a short time such as minutes  to hours. Acute angioedema is commonly caused by an allergic reaction to medications or  foods. Chronic recurrent angioedema is when the condition returns over a long period of time,  with each episode lasting hours to several days. Most cases do not have an identifiable cause.

过敏性接触性皮炎 

当您的皮肤直接接触过敏原时，就会发生过敏性接触性皮炎。 例如，如果您对镍过敏并且您的 皮肤接触到由极少量镍制成的首饰，您可能会在接触点出现红色、凹凸不平、鳞状、发痒或肿 胀的皮肤。 

接触毒藤、毒橡树和毒漆树也会引起过敏性接触性皮炎。红色、发痒的皮疹是由覆盖这些植 物的油性涂层引起的。过敏反应可能来自实际接触植物，或接触与油接触过的衣服、宠物甚 至园艺工具。 

血管性水肿 

血管性水肿在皮肤深层肿胀而不发痒。它经常与荨麻疹（荨麻疹）一起出现。血管性水肿多次 发生在眼睑、口腔或生殖器等软组织中。如果这种情况只持续很短的时间，例如几分钟到几 小时，则血管性水肿被称为“急性”。急性血管性水肿通常由对药物或食物的过敏反应引起。慢 性复发性血管性水肿是指病情在很长一段时间内复发，每次发作持续数小时至数天。大多数 情况下没有可识别的原因。

Urticaria (Hives) 

Hives are an inflammation of the skin triggered when the immune system releases  histamine. This causes small blood vessels to leak, which leads to swelling and itching.  Swelling without itching in deep layers of the skin is called angioedema. There are two  kinds of urticaria, acute and chronic. Acute urticaria occurs at times after eating a  particular food or coming in contact with a particular trigger. It can also be triggered by  non-allergic causes such as heat or exercise, as well as medications, foods, insect bites  or infections. Chronic urticaria is rarely caused by specific triggers and so allergy tests are  usually not helpful. However, in rare hereditary diseases that cause chronic urticaria,  genetic tests are helpful. Chronic urticaria can last for many months or years. Although  they are often uncomfortable and sometimes painful, hives are not contagious. 

荨麻疹（荨麻疹） 

荨麻疹是免疫系统释放组胺时引发的皮肤炎症。这会导致小血管渗漏，从而导致肿胀和瘙 痒。皮肤深层肿胀而不发痒称为血管性水肿。荨麻疹有急性和慢性两种。急性荨麻疹有时会 在食用特定食物或接触特定诱因后发生。它也可能由非过敏原因引发，例如热或运动，以及 药物、食物、昆虫叮咬或感染。慢性荨麻疹很少由特定诱因引起，因此过敏测试通常没有帮 助。然而，在引起慢性荨麻疹的罕见遗传性疾病中，基因检测是有帮助的。慢性荨麻疹可持续 数月或数年。尽管它们常常让人感到不舒服，有时甚至会感到疼痛，但荨麻疹并不具有传染 

Hereditary angiodema (HAE) 

Hereditary angiodema (HAE) is a rare, but serious genetic condition involving swelling in various body  parts including the hands, feet, face, intestinal wall and airways. It does not respond to typical  angioedema treatment with antihistamines or adrenaline so it is important to see a specialist to screen  for HAE and other genetic conditions. 

Skin conditions are one of the most common forms of allergy treated and managed by an allergist / immunologist, a physician with specialized training and expertise to accurately diagnose your  condition and provide relief for your symptoms. 

遗传性血管性水肿 (HAE) 

遗传性血管性水肿(HAE) 是一种罕见但严重的遗传病，涉及身体各个部位的肿胀，包括手、脚、脸、肠壁和 气道。它对使用抗组胺药或肾上腺素进行的典型血管性水肿治疗没有反应，因此请专科医生筛查 HAE 和其 他遗传病症非常重要。 

皮肤病是最常见的过敏形式之一，由过敏症专家/免疫学家治疗和管理，他们是经过专门培训和具备专业知识 的医生，可以准确诊断您的状况并缓解您的症状 

10) Most of us develop redness and swelling at the site of an insect bite. Yet people  who are allergic to stinging insect venom are at risk for a much more serious reaction.  This life-threatening reaction is called anaphylaxis (an-a-fi-LAK-sis). 

Understanding differences in symptoms between a normal reaction and an allergic reaction can bring peace of mind. It is also important to have an accurate diagnosis so  you can manage your condition and be prepared for an emergency. 

An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen. In stinging  insect allergy, the allergen is venom from a sting. Most serious reactions are caused by  five types of insects:

10) 我们大多数人都会在昆虫叮咬部位出现红肿。然而，对带刺昆虫毒液过敏 的人有发生更严重反应的风险。这种危及生命的反应称为过敏反应 (an-a-fi-LAK-sis)。 

了解正常反应和过敏反应之间的症状差异可以让您安心。进行准确的诊断也很 重要，这样您就可以控制自己的病情并为紧急情况做好准备。 

当免疫系统对过敏原反应过度时，就会发生过敏反应。在刺痛昆虫过敏中，过 敏原是刺痛的毒液。最严重的反应是由五种昆虫引起的：

• Yellow jackets are black with yellow markings, found in various climates. Their nests are usually located  underground, but sometimes found in the walls of buildings, cracks in masonry or in woodpiles. 

• Honeybees have round, fuzzy bodies with dark brown and yellow markings. They can be found in honeycombs  in trees, old tires or other partially protected sites. 

• Paper wasps are slender with black, brown, red and yellow markings. They live in a circular comb under eaves,  behind shutters or in shrubs and woodpiles. 

• Hornets are black or brown with white, orange or yellow markings. Their nests are gray or brown and are usually  found in trees. 

• Fire ants are reddish-brown ants living in large mounds, mostly in warmer climates. They attack with little  warning, inserting highly concentrated toxins that cause burning and pain. 

• 黄色夹克是黑色的，带有黄色斑纹，出现在各种气候条件下。它们的巢穴通常位於地下，但有时也可以在建筑物 的墙壁、砖石结构的裂缝或木桩中找到。 

• 蜜蜂有圆形、毛茸茸的身体，带有深棕色和黄色斑纹。它们可以在树上的蜂窝、旧轮胎或其他部分受保护的地方 找到。 

• 纸蜂体型细长，带有黑色、棕色、红色和黄色斑纹。他们住在屋檐下、百叶窗后面或灌木丛和柴堆中的圆形梳子 中。 

• 大黄蜂为黑色或棕色，带有白色、橙色或黄色斑纹。它们的巢是灰色或棕色的，通常在树上。 

• 火蚁是红棕色的蚂蚁，生活在大土堆中，主要生活在温暖的气候中。它们在几乎没有任何警告的情况下发动攻击 ，注入高浓度毒素，引起灼痛和疼痛。

What are the three types of allergy tests? 

Various tests can be used to find out what kind of substance is causing an allergic reaction: skin tests, blood tests and provocation tests. Your doctor will usually decide which test to use based on your description of the symptoms and your medical history.Apr 23, 2020 

过敏测试的三种类型是什麽？ 

可以使用各种测试来找出引起过敏反应的物质种类：皮肤测试、血液 测试和激发测试。您的医生通常会根据您对症状的描述和您的病史来 决定使用哪种测试。

Allergy Blood Test 

An allergy blood test measures a substance called immunoglobulin E (IgE) in your blood. IgE is an antibody that your body makes. If you have allergies, you may have more IgE in your blood than normal. 

Other names: IgE allergy test, Quantitative IgE, Immunoglobulin E, Total IgE, Specific IgE, RAST, CAP, ELISA 

过敏血液测试 

过敏血液测试会测量血液中一种叫做免疫球蛋白 E (IgE) 的物质。 IgE 是您身体产生的抗体。如果您有过敏症， 您血液中的 IgE 可能会比正常人多。 

其他名称：IgE 过敏测试、定量 IgE、免疫球蛋白 E、总 IgE、特异性 IgE、RAST、CAP、ELISA

When is an allergy blood test needed? 

You may need an allergy blood test if you have: 

● Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), usually the result of pollen, pet allergies or mold (aspergillosis). 

● Anaphylaxis, which is a severe and sometimes life-threatening allergic reaction to certain foods, insect stings or other allergens. 

● Contact dermatitis, caused by contact with irritants such as chemicals, detergents, poisonous plants or certain metals (such as a nickel allergy). 

什麽时候需要过敏血液测试？ 

如果您有以下情况，您可能需要进行过敏血液测试： 

● 过敏性鼻炎（花粉热） ，通常是花粉、 宠物过敏或霉菌（ 曲霉病）的结果。 ● 过敏反应，这是对某些食物、昆虫叮咬或其他过敏原的严重且有时危及生命的过敏反应。 ● 接触性皮炎，由接触化学品、清洁剂、 有毒植物或某些金属（如镍过敏）等刺激物引起。

抗过敏药 https://www.webmd.com/allergies/allergy medications

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